Expert Opinion
Handwriting, Signature & Document Examination
Handwriting and signature examination determines whether a questioned document, signature or handwritten inscription was produced by the person to whom it is attributed. The objective is authorship determination through comparative analysis.
Who May Request Expert Opinion?
Expert opinion may be obtained by the party relying on a document as well as the party disputing its authenticity. In criminal proceedings involving document forgery (TCK Art. 204, 207), CMK Art. 67/6 grants the same right to all parties and their counsel.
Why Preliminary Assessment Is Critical
The outcome of a handwriting examination depends heavily on the quality and quantity of known comparison samples. According to ENFSI Best Practice Manuals, known samples should:
- Be consistent with the writing system, script style and instrument used in the questioned document
- Contain the characters present in the questioned text
- Be sufficient in quantity to reflect the writer's natural variation
- Be as close in date as possible to the questioned document
The preliminary assessment determines whether the available material is suitable for examination, identifies any deficiencies, and clarifies the questions that can realistically be addressed.
Questions Typically Addressed
- Is the signature or handwriting in the questioned document consistent with originating from the same author as the comparison samples?
- Are there features suggesting simulation, tracing, disguise or unusual writing conditions?
- Does an existing expert report reflect methodological soundness and material adequacy?
Documents and Materials Typically Required
For preliminary assessment
Questioned document(s) — originals preferred
High-quality copies if originals are unavailable
Handwriting comparison samples — matching case/script style
Signature comparison samples — multiple, from different dates
Samples taken in various conditions (standing, seated, different surfaces)
Technical questions and expected scope of opinion
Prior expert reports, if any
Legal BasisHMK Art. 293 · CMK Art. 67/6 · CMK Art. 68/3 · TCK Art. 204 (official document forgery) · TCK Art. 207 (private document forgery)